Fix theme, update to new presentation

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Levi Pearson 2019-03-14 17:09:38 -06:00
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---
title: Embedded Rust
subtitle: Intro and Ecosystem Overview
author: Levi Pearson
...
# Overview
## Background
I am:
+ A very experienced embedded systems programmer
+ A moderately experienced Rustacean
+ Relatively new at the combination
## Questions to answer
+ What are embedded systems?
+ What makes Rust interesting in that context?
+ What resources are there right now?
+ How do I get started?
# Embedded Systems?
## A (very general) definition
> When a device has a computerized, software-controlled component as part of its
> mechanism, which supports its primary function rather than the computer *being*
> its primary function, that component constitutes an embedded system.
## Examples
+ A digital scale's control system
+ The engine management computer in a car
+ The management controller in a hard drive
## They are everywhere
+ Microcontrollers start in the ~$0.01 price range
+ They can be as small as a grain of rice
+ They are in credit cards and SIM cards
+ They are also often off-the-shelf Windows boxes
## Microcontrollers
+ Computers specialized for embedded control duty
+ Much wider variety of architecture
+ Integrated peripherals:
- Timers
- Sensors
- Communication bus interfaces
- Display controllers
# Why Rust?
## The landscape today
+ Most embedded systems are still done in C
+ C was a big step up from assembly
+ C is still very error-prone
+ We are putting more software in more things
## Why not other safe languages?
+ Real-time response requirements
+ Resource (often RAM/Flash) constraints
+ Memory layout and representation control
+ Perception
## Big wins
+ The big enabler: `#[no_std]` and powerful, alloc-free `core` library
+ Static resource analysis via ownership and hiding
+ Modularity without overhead via traits
+ Flexible, easy-to-use builds including cross-compiling with cargo
+ Industrial strength multi-arch compiler back-end via LLVM
# Rusty resources
## Compiler and tools
+ `rustup target list | grep none` for no-OS embedded targets
+ `cargo install cargo-binutils` for `cargo size`, `cargo nm`, etc.
+ `rustup component add llvm-tools-preview` for LLVM-native binutils
+ `gdb` built for the target arch for debugging
+ `openocd` to drive the programmer/debugger module
## Embedded-wg resources
+ Embedded Rust Book
+ Awesome / Not-Yet-Awesome Lists
+ `svd2rust` and Peripheral Access Crates
+ `embedded-hal` and HAL Crates
+ Board Support Crates
+ `rtfm` "Real-Time For The Masses" framework

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# Use nix-shell -p pandoc to bring pandoc into the path
NAME := Types
NAME := EmbeddedRust
THEME := metropolis
THEME_FILES := beamercolortheme${THEME}.sty \

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Types.md
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---
title: Intro to Types
subtitle: What they are and what they're for
author: Levi Pearson
...
# Overview
## Goals
+ Enough terminology to understand discussions
+ Understand what types provide, and at what cost
+ How common language features interact with type systems
## Not-Goals
+ Debate about whether typed languages are "good" or "bad"
+ Deep understanding of Type Theory
# Definitions
## Caveats
+ "Types" and "Type Systems" are overloaded terms
+ Many usages are correct--in the right context!
+ Be prepared to find common ground *before* arguing
## Type System
> A type system is a tractable syntactic method for proving
> the absence of certain program behaviors by classifying
> phrases according to the kinds of values they compute.
>
> -- Benjamin Pierce, "Types and Programming Languages"
## Types About Programs
+ Types and type systems were invented before computers
+ Used in logic, math, and philosophy
+ Also used in CS for things other than practical programs
+ They are related, but we won't speak further about them!
## Syntactic Method
+ "Syntactic" means "based on the form of the text", or "static"
+ This excludes run-time or "dynamic" information from the proof
## Classifying
+ Types *classify* textual phrases ("terms")
+ Types *describe* the values the terms of that type can evaluate to
+ They provide an "upper bound" on the range of values
+ E.g. the expression `3 + 2` is a term that may have the type `Int`
## Absence of Behaviors
+ Proofs are *about* run-time behavior, not syntactic issues
+ Example behaviors to exclude:
- Nonsensical operations, e.g. `3 + false`
- Calling missing methods
- Violation of abstraction boundaries
+ Each system chooses what behaviors it excludes
## Tractable
+ An algorithm (the "type checker") exists
+ It can prove that the types assigned to terms are consistent *or*
+ It can show where any inconsistencies are in the program
+ The algorithm must complete in a reasonable amount of time
+ It is desirable to know it will *always* complete
# Errors and Safety
## Going Wrong
> ... well-typed programs cannot "go wrong" ...
>
> -- Robin Milner, "A Theory of Type Polymorphism in Programming"
+ This paper introduced the type checker for ML
+ What does he mean by "go wrong"?
## Formal Semantics
+ To formally prove, you must first formally specify
+ A formal semantics gives unambiguous meaning to all programs
+ This is as difficult as it sounds; rarely done for full languages
+ Milner gave the meaning "wrong" to certain program fragments
## Well-Typed
+ To be "well-typed" means types can be found for all terms
+ Types are the "upper bound" on possible evaluations
+ The meaning/evaluation "wrong" has no type
+ If a program is well-typed, it can't go (i.e. evaluate to) "wrong"
## What is "wrong"?
+ Not all errors can be easily ruled out this way
+ Types are an approximation of run-time values
+ Detecting some errors requires very fine approximation
+ "Fancy" types can approximate better, but add complexity
## Safety
+ What errors to prioritize? Abstraction-breaking ones.
- Out-of bounds manipulation of memory
- Viewing an object as a value outside its type
- Viewing uninitialized memory
- Executing code at an illegal address
- Corruption of run-time or system data
+ If a language rules out these behaviors in its programs, it is Safe.
+ Safe langauges may still have plenty of errors in their programs
+ Errors in safe languages are properly attributed to their causes!
## Safety and Types
+ Types can rule out many, but usually not all, safety errors.
- Array bounds for dynamically-sized arrays
- Use-after-free errors
+ Run-time checks can catch them all!
+ So why use types?
## Advantages to Type Safety
+ Errors are ruled out *before* execution and for all runs
+ Expensive run-time checks can be elided
+ Sometimes more efficient data representation can be used
+ Types provide useful documentation, especially when precise
## Costs to Type Safety
+ Some programs are ruled out that would run correctly if dyanmically checked
+ Extra time and formality is needed in the language design
+ Type checking algorithms may take non-trivial compile time
+ Some run-time checks and other infrastructure still needed
## Type Systems Are Hard
> It turns out that a fair amount of careful analysis is required to
> avoid false and embarrasing claims of type soundness for programming
> languages. As a consequence, the classification, description, and
> study of type systems has emerged as a formal discipline.
>
> -- Luca Cardelli
# Classifying Type Systems
## Surface Dimensions
+ Safe vs. Unsafe
+ Typed vs. Untyped
+ Explicit vs. Implicit
+ Simple vs... not?
## When is a language typed?
+ If it has a type checker, it is typed
+ It may *also* store information for run-time checking
+ The type checker might not be of much help sometimes
+ Things get fuzzy sometimes
## Implicit types and inference
+ Many useful ML programs can be written without naming a type in their text
+ "Algorithm W", a.k.a. "Hindley-Milner type inference" figures them all out
+ Tractability of inference algorithms is very sensitive to type system features!
+ Interacts particularly poorly with subtyping
+ "inference" vs. "deduction"
## Simple Types
+ These types classify values and functions
+ Can include higher-order functions
+ Base types, plus various compound types
+ tuples, records, variants, enumerations, arrays, etc.
+ Languages with simple type systems begin with Fortran in 1950s.
## Polymorphic Types
+ A polymorphic type is parameterized by one or more type variables
+ For each choice of type for the type variable, a new concrete type is selected
+ A polymorphic type is like a function from types to types
+ This is called "parametric polymorphism"
+ A simple type system is a first-order system; with polymorphism, higher-order.
## Polymorphic Lists
+ `List<T>` is a type that maps a type `T` to the type of lists of `T`
+ It works for *all* types `T`
+ `List` itself is sometimes called a "type constructor"
+ Code written in terms of `List<T>` can not depend on what `T` is chosen
## Subtyping
+ A type 'A' is a subtype of type 'B' if a term of type 'A'
can be used anywhere a 'B' is expected
+ Sometimes known as "subtype polymorphism"
## Existential Types
> Type structure is a syntactic discipline for enforcing levels of abstraction.
>
> -- John Reynolds
## Forall vs. Exists
+ Parametric type variable is *universally quantified*
+ `List<T>` means "For all types T, we can construct List of T"
+ From logic, we also have *existential quantification*
+ "There exists a type T such that..."
## How does that work?
+ We can bundle an existential type with operations that are aware of its real nature
+ `exists T. { T.to_string() -> String; T.combine(other: T) -> T }`
+ These can be used in contexts where the exact type is known; i.e. it is abstract

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\title{Intro to Types}
\subtitle{What they are and what they're for}
\title{Embedded Rust}
\subtitle{Intro and Ecosystem Overview}
\author{Levi Pearson}
\date{}